Sometimes when performing a recursive search with the -r or -R options, you may want to exclude specific directories from the search result. In the following example, the lines where the string games occur at the very beginning of a line are excluded: grep -v "^games" file.txtĪ command’s output can be filtered with grep through piping, and only the lines matching a given pattern will be printed on the terminal.įor example, to print out all running processes on your system except those running as user “root” you can filter the output of the psĬommand: ps -ef | grep -wv root Exclude Directories and Files # You can specify different possible matches that can be literal strings or expression sets. If you use the extended regular expression option -E, then the operator | should not be escaped, as shown below: grep -Ewv 'nologin|bash' /etc/passwd If you only want the ones with lower-case change -iname to -name. r, -recursive Read all files under each directory, recursively, following symbolic links only if they are on the command line. ![]() By default, grep interprets the pattern as a basic regular expression where the meta-characters such as | lose their special meaning, and you must use their backslashed versions. zip files in current directory and all sub-directories try this: find. Grep allows you to find and print the results for whole words only. GNU grep supports three regular expression syntaxes, Basic, Extended, and Perl-compatible. txt This can be useful when you want to find all files that contain a certain piece of text. For example, the following command will search for the text pattern foo in all files in the current directory that have the extension. ![]() The following example prints the lines that do not contain the strings nologin or bash: grep -wv 'nologin\|bash' /etc/passwd The grep command can be used to search for text patterns in multiple files using wildcards. You can use the -e option as many times as you need.Īnother option to exclude multiple search patterns is to join the patterns using the OR operator |. If there are spaces in any of the file or directory names, use this form: find. To specify two or more search patterns, use the -e option: grep -wv -e nologin -e bash /etc/passwd Suppresses file names when multiple files are specified.-H: If the -r or -R option is specified and a symbolic link referencing a file of type directory is specified on the command line, grep will search the files of the directory referenced by the symbolic link and all the files in the file hierarchy below it. I'm trying to list all the files in /etc to show all files that start with sh along with the inode number. If the search string includes spaces, you need to enclose it in single or double quotation marks. To ignore the case when searching, invoke grep with the -i option. To suppress the default grep output and print only the names of files containing the matched pattern, use the -l ( or -files-with-matches) option. This means that the uppercase and lowercase characters are treated as distinct. The -w option tells grep to return only those lines where the specified string is a whole word (enclosed by non-word characters).īy default, grep is case-sensitive.
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